Zweil?ufige Ricke

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Schalenauswachsen beim Damwild

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

A model of self-limiting residual acid diffusion for pattern doubling

Pattern doubling by cross-linking of a spacer triggered by residual acid diffusion from a previously developed primary structure into the spacer is a possible option to create the necessary structure widths for the 32 nm node with current exposure technology by pattern doubling. A particular advantage of this process step would be the self-alignment to the primary structure, which would render a second exposure step unnecessary. In the paper, we present a new prototypical model of the bake step of this process and discuss the dependency of the desired behavior on parameters of the model.     

Application of hammerhead ribozymes for structural studies of ribosomal 5S RNAs

We evaluated the possibility that distinct proteolytic pathways contribute to the down-regulation of a novel (epsilon) or conventional (alpha) isoform of protein kinase C (PKC) in nonimmortalized human fibroblasts. Inhibitors of calpains and other cysteine proteinases, vesicle trafficking, or lysosomal proteolysis did not affect the down-regulation of PKC-alpha or -epsilon produced by bryostatin 1 (Bryo). Lactacystin (Lacta) and certain terminal aldehyde tripeptides or tetrapeptides, which selectively inhibit the proteasome, preserved substantial PKC-alpha and -epsilon protein from down-regulation by Bryo or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate. Lacta preserved active kinase in vivo, as shown by the retention of Bryo-induced autophosphorylated PKC-alpha. Concomitant with down-regulation, Bryo produced PKC-alpha and -epsilon species that were larger than the native proteins (80 and 90 kDa, respectively). Western blot analysis showed that the larger PKC-alpha species were ubiquitinylated. Treatment with Bryo plus Lacta synergistically increased multiubiquitinylated PKC-alpha, as expected if Bryo induces ubiquitinylation of PKC-alpha and Lacta blocks its degradation. Bryo also produced a 76-kDa, nonphosphorylated form of PKC-alpha and an 86-kDa form of PKC-epsilon. Phosphatase inhibitors decreased production of 76- and 86-kDa PKC-alpha and -epsilon by Bryo and preserved 80- and 90-kDa PKC-alpha and -epsilon, respectively. Our results suggest that the down-modulation of PKC-alpha and -epsilon occurs principally via the ubiquitin/ proteasome pathway. Dephosphorylation seems to predispose PKC to ubiquitinylation.     

Determination of the Dill parameters of thick positive resist for use in modeling applications

The determination of Dill parameters of thick resist is very important to improve simulation models of resist exposure and real world processes. A new extraction technique of Dill parameters based on spectroscopic ellipsometry in combination with an advanced resist exposure model is proposed for thick resist analysis. The complex refractive index of the resist is related to the relative concentration of the photoactive compound in the resist in order to describe the vertical distribution of the refractive index and the extinction coefficient. Moreover, Dill parameters are extracted by directly fitting the bleaching curves to the measured ellipsometry data. The new approach was investigated experimentally by spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements on AZ5214E resist with two moderate layer thickness values in order to verify the accuracy of the new method. Dill parameters were extracted by using this new technique and by applying resist samples subjected to different exposure doses. Possible reasons for the variation of Dill parameters depending on resist thickness are explained. Furthermore, advantages, limitations and potential improvements of the model are discussed. Finally, the impact of Dill parameter variation on image formation in the resist is demonstrated by applying the spectroscopic ellipsometer analysis results as input parameters to the lithography simulator Dr.LiTHO.     

Sex recognition inDiglyphus isaea walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): Role of an uncommon family of behaviorally active compounds

The sexual behavior of the ectoparasitoidDiglyphus isaea is described. Recognition of the female by the male occurs at close range. Males initiate courtship behavior in the presence of a living female regardless of age, as well as in the presence of a female killed by freezing. Courtship behavior is not observed in the presence of a dead female washed with organic solvents but could be elicited using a lure covered with a female organic extract. These findings demonstrate that each sex develops a specific chemical signature that can be dissolved in hexane and transferred to a lure. Analysis of organic extracts by gas chromatography revealed chemical dimorphism between the two sexes. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry showed that the main components in females were esters of medium-chain fatty acids and long-chain 11-alcohols. There were few hydrocarbons. Female esters, which were present in only small proportions in males, were recovered in the nonhydrocarbon fraction obtained after fractionation of the total extract on a silica-filled microcolumn as a mixture containing 11-heneicosyl, 11-docosyl, 11-tricosyl, 11-tetracosyl, and 11-pentacosyl octanoate, and 11-docosyl, 11-tricosyl, 11-tetracosyl, and 11-pentacosyl decanoate. These results demonstrate that there is a specific gender-related chemical signature.